Structure-Guided Diffusion Model for EEG-Based Visual Cognition Reconstruction

TL;DR

This paper introduces a Structure-Guided Diffusion Model (SGDM) that leverages explicit structural information to improve EEG-based visual reconstruction, achieving higher fidelity and better generalization across diverse visual datasets.

Contribution

The novel SGDM framework integrates structural guidance into diffusion models for EEG-based image reconstruction, surpassing existing methods in fidelity and domain generalization.

Findings

SGDM outperforms existing methods on abstract and natural image datasets.

Reconstructed images show higher fidelity in visual features and semantics.

EEG analysis reveals hierarchical structural encoding patterns.

Abstract

Objective: Decoding visual information from electroencephalography (EEG) is an important problem in neuroscience and brain-computer interface (BCI) research. Existing methods are largely restricted to natural images and categorical representations, with limited capacity to capture structural features and to differentiate objective perception from subjective cognition. We propose a Structure-Guided Diffusion Model (SGDM) that incorporates explicit structural information for EEG-based visual reconstruction. Approach: SGDM is evaluated on the Kilogram abstract visual object dataset and the THINGS natural image dataset using a two-stage generative mechanism. The framework combines a structurally supervised variational autoencoder with a spatiotemporal EEG encoder aligned to a visual embedding space via contrastive learning. Structural information is integrated into a diffusion model through ControlNet to guide image generation from EEG features. Results: SGDM outperforms existing methods on both abstract and natural image datasets. Reconstructed images achieve higher fidelity in low-level visual features and semantic representations, indicating improved decoding accuracy and strong generalization across diverse visual domains. Spatiotemporal analysis of EEG signals further reveals hierarchical structural encoding patterns, consistent with the neural dynamics of visual cognition. Significance: These findings validate the effectiveness of SGDM in capturing explicit structural geometry and generating images with high fidelity to individual cognitive representations. By enabling decoding of complex visual content from EEG signals, the framework extends neural decoding beyond low-dimensional or categorical outputs. This supports BCIs with increased degrees of freedom for intention decoding and more flexible brain-to-machine communication.