Partial oracles quantum algorithm framework -- Part I: Analysis of in-place operations

TL;DR

This paper introduces a construction method for the search iteration operator in the partial oracles quantum algorithm framework, focusing on in-place oracle functions, and demonstrates its application to cryptographic primitives.

Contribution

It provides the first explicit construction of the search iteration operator for in-place oracle functions and introduces the reciprocal transform and QFrame library for quantum circuit automation.

Findings

Defined the reciprocal transform with a chain rule property.

Applied reciprocal transform to SHA-256 elementary operations.

Developed QFrame library for automating quantum circuit construction.

Abstract

The partial oracles framework is a quantum search algorithm that has the potential to exceed the quadratic speedup of Grover's algorithm, up to a theoretical maximum of an exponential speedup. Until now, however, the framework has lacked an explicit method for constructing the operator that represents the search iteration. In this paper, we provide the missing construction, for the special case of an oracle function definable using only in-place operations (that is, where the calculated result of the oracle function can be read just from the qubits in the search index). The restriction to in-place operations means that the current work does not yet exhibit quantum advantage: oracle functions constructed using only in-place operations are always classically reversible. To demonstrate quantum advantage, it will be necessary to extend this construction method to include out-of-place operations (part II). As part of the construction of the search iteration operator, we define a new type of transform, the reciprocal transform, which is applied to the oracle function. We show that the reciprocal transform obeys a chain rule, which makes it possible to break down complex transforms into simple steps. To illustrate the practical application of this search method, we apply the reciprocal transform to elementary operations from the SHA-256 hash algorithm: addition modulo $2^n$, the $Maj(a, b, c)$ function, the $Ch(a, b, c)$ function, and the bit shift functions. We also introduce the QFrame python library, which is used to automate the construction of quantum circuits that represent reciprocal transforms.