Quantum-HPC Software Stacks and the openQSE Reference Architecture: A Survey

TL;DR

This survey analyzes existing quantum HPC software stacks, identifies common patterns and needs, and proposes the openQSE reference architecture to unify and improve interoperability across quantum-HPC systems.

Contribution

It provides a comprehensive analysis of nine quantum-HPC stacks and introduces the openQSE architecture to standardize and enhance the ecosystem.

Findings

Identified common design patterns and requirements in quantum-HPC stacks.

Exposed needs for runtime abstraction, resource management, and observability.

Proposed openQSE architecture to enable interoperability and flexibility.

Abstract

Quantum resources are increasingly integrated into high-performance computing (HPC) and cloud environments, but quantum high-performance computing (QHPC) software stacks remain isolated, often proprietary, full-stack solutions lacking common interfaces across runtime, resource management, orchestration, and execution layers. This paper analyzes nine production QHPC stacks and identifies common design patterns and emerging requirements, covering deployment models, application interaction patterns, SDK support, and readiness for fault-tolerant operation. The survey exposes consistent needs in runtime abstraction, resource management, interconnect semantics, and observability. Based on these findings, we propose the open quantum-HPC software ecosystem ( openQSE) reference architecture as a first step toward unifying the state-of-the-practice. openQSE defines a set of layer boundaries that allow different implementations to interoperate while preserving deployment flexibility, and is structured to support both current noisy intermediate-scale quantum (NISQ) workloads and future fault-tolerant quantum computing (FTQC) systems without changes to upper-layer application interfaces.