Time evolution of a Nambu-Goto string coiling around a Kerr black hole

TL;DR

This study investigates the dynamic behavior of a Nambu-Goto string around a Kerr black hole, revealing short-term energy extraction and wave propagation that lead to a stable configuration.

Contribution

It provides the first detailed analysis of non-rigidly rotating Nambu-Goto strings' time evolution in Kerr spacetime, including numerical simulations and energy extraction estimates.

Findings

Energy extraction occurs briefly as negative energy falls into the black hole.

A propagating wave carries away extracted energy to distant regions.

The system eventually stabilizes to a time-independent configuration.

Abstract

The interaction between a Nambu-Goto string and a Kerr black hole gives one of the methods of energy extraction from a rotating black hole. Although the properties of such processes have been well studied for rigidly rotating strings, little is known for non-rigidly rotating strings. In this paper, we study time evolution of a Nambu-Goto string on the equatorial plane of a Kerr spacetime, which sticks on the horizon and extends to spatial infinity. The time evolution is studied by the series expansion with respect to $t$ and the numerical simulations, which give reliable results for $t\lesssim 4M$ and $t\lesssim 38M$, respectively, where $M$ is the black hole mass. Since the angular velocity of the string on the horizon must coincide with the horizon angular velocity to keep the timelike property, the string is dragged into rotation and coils around the black hole. The negative energy is observed to fall into the black hole, but the positive energy follows after that, meaning that the energy extraction occurs for a short period of time. In the outside region, a wave is generated and propagates to the distant region carrying the extracted energy. After the propagation of the wave, the system approaches the time-independent configuration found by Boos and Frolov, and the total extracted energy is estimated as $E_{\rm ext}\lesssim \mu M$, where $\mu$ is the tension of the string.