Enumeration of skew morphisms of cyclic $2$-groups

TL;DR

This paper completes the classification and enumeration of skew morphisms for all cyclic 2-groups, providing explicit formulas and recursive relations for their counts.

Contribution

It offers the first complete enumeration of skew morphisms of cyclic 2-groups, extending previous results from odd primes to p=2.

Findings

Established recursive formula: Skew(2^e) = 4 * Skew(2^{e-1}) - 4 for e ≥ 4.

Derived explicit formula: Skew(2^e) = (7 * 4^{e-2} + 8) / 6 for e ≥ 3.

Completed enumeration for all cyclic p-groups.

Abstract

A skew morphism of a finite group $B$ is a permutation of $B$ fixing the identity and satisfying $\varphi(xy) = \varphi(x)\varphi^{i_x}(y)$ for some integers $i_x$ indexed by $x \in B$. The enumeration of skew morphisms of finite cyclic groups remains an open problem. The most substantial progress to date concerns cyclic $p$-groups with $p$ odd, for which a full classification and enumeration was obtained by Kov\'{a}cs and Nedela. In this paper we treat the remaining case $p = 2$, giving a complete classification and enumeration of skew morphisms of finite cyclic $2$-groups. Writing $\mathrm{Skew}(n)$ for the number of skew morphisms of $\mathbb{Z}_n$, we prove that $\mathrm{Skew}(2^e) = 4\,\mathrm{Skew}(2^{e-1}) - 4$ for each $e \geq 4$, and that $\mathrm{Skew}(2^e) = (7 \cdot 4^{e-2} + 8)/6$ for each $e \geq 3$. This completes the enumeration of skew morphisms for all cyclic $p$-groups.