Coherent-State Propagation: A Computational Framework for Simulating Bosonic Quantum Systems

TL;DR

We present a new computational framework called coherent-state propagation for efficiently simulating bosonic quantum systems, especially those with weak or few Kerr nonlinearities, with proven guarantees and numerical validation.

Contribution

The paper introduces a novel simulation method for bosonic systems using coherent states, with approximation strategies and complexity guarantees for physically relevant regimes.

Findings

Logarithmic Kerr gates enable quasi-polynomial-time classical simulation.

Weak nonlinearities allow polynomial runtime with fixed precision.

Numerical benchmarks match reference data, validating the method.

Abstract

We introduce coherent-state propagation, a computational framework for simulating bosonic systems. We focus on bosonic circuits composed of displaced linear optics augmented by Kerr nonlinearities, a universal model of bosonic quantum computation that is also physically motivated by driven Bose-Hubbard dynamics. The method works in the Schr\"odinger picture representing the evolving state as a sparse superposition of coherent states. We develop approximation strategies that keep the simulation cost tractable in physically relevant regimes, notably when the number of Kerr gates is small or the Kerr nonlinearities are weak, and prove rigorous guarantees for both observable estimation and sampling. In particular, bosonic circuits with logarithmically many Kerr gates admit quasi-polynomial-time classical simulation at exponentially small error in trace distance. We further identify a weak-nonlinearity regime in which the runtime is polynomial for arbitrarily small constant precision. We complement these results with numerical benchmarks on the Bose-Hubbard model with all-to-all connectivity. The method reproduces Fock-basis and matrix-product-state reference data, suggesting that it offers a useful route to the classical simulation of bosonic systems.