Optimized encoding point distributions for efficient single-point imaging

TL;DR

This paper introduces advanced undersampling strategies, RAST and BINGO, to improve image quality in accelerated MRI by reducing deterministic artifacts in Sobol-based sampling schemes.

Contribution

It proposes two novel point-reduction algorithms, RAST and BINGO, that outperform traditional deterministic undersampling in MRI, enhancing image quality at high acceleration factors.

Findings

RAST achieved up to 238% improvement in performance scores.

BINGO improved image quality by 133% across matrix resolutions.

Both methods reduced encoding points while maintaining image quality.

Abstract

Purpose: Quasi-random Sobol-based sampling schemes exhibit deterministic structural artifacts when aggressively undersampled, particularly at low encoding densities required for accelerated 2D SPI/CSI. To address these limitations, two advanced undersampling strategies are investigated to mitigate deterministic behavior, improving image quality for time-constrained applications such as hyperpolarized MRI. Methods: An optimized Sobol sequence-derived point distribution with Heaviside-type density gradient center oversampling served as the initial sampling pattern. Undersampling was performed using two point-reduction algorithms: radius-adaptive stochastic undersampling (RAST), which applies a geometric, radius-dependent minimum-distance criterion, and Bayesian Information Gain Optimization (BINGO), that removes points based on their information gain to the reconstructed image. Phantom experiments were conducted on a 3 T clinical MRI system using up to 16-fold undersampling. Image quality was quantified using a performance score derived from RMSE, SSIM, and HFEN. Results: Both RAST and BINGO outperformed deterministic undersampling across all metrics. RAST achieved highest and most robust performance, with improvements up to 238% in the averaged metric score, while BINGO yielded improvements of 133% across matrix resolutions. Conclusion: The proposed strategies effectively reduce the number of encoding points in low-discrepancy 2D SPI point distributions while maintaining image quality under strong acceleration. RAST provides superior metric performance, whereas BINGO offers broad applicability, including suitability for non-linear encoding fields. These approaches support rapid acquisition workflows required for real-time and hyperpolarized applications.