Controlling Quantum Materials by Growth: Thermodynamics, Kinetics, and Defect Engineering in Transition Metal Dichalcogenides

TL;DR

This paper reviews how growth conditions influence the structural, defect, and electronic properties of transition metal dichalcogenides, emphasizing thermodynamic and kinetic control for quantum material engineering.

Contribution

It develops a unified thermodynamic and kinetic framework linking synthesis parameters to phase stability, defect landscapes, and electronic phases in layered materials.

Findings

Growth conditions determine defect populations and phase stability.

Kinetic pathways enable access to metastable and polymorphic phases.

Synthesis methods influence electronic properties like superconductivity and topological states.

Abstract

Transition metal dichalcogenides exhibit a wide range of semiconducting, metallic, correlated, and topological electronic states that arise from strong coupling between lattice structure, dimensionality, and electronic degrees of freedom. In these materials, crystal growth is not merely a preparative step but a thermodynamic boundary condition that establishes chemical potentials, defect populations, polytype stability, and access to metastable phases. As a result, synthesis determines the structural and defect landscape from which collective electronic behavior emerges. In this Review, we develop a unified thermodynamic and kinetic framework that connects growth conditions to phase stability, defect energetics, and microstructure. We examine how chemical potential constraints define stability windows, how supersaturation and mass-transport regimes govern nucleation and morphology, and how nonequilibrium pathways enable kinetic trapping and polymorph selection. Bulk and thin-film synthesis approaches, including chemical vapor transport, flux growth, physical vapor transport, solvent-assisted crystallization, chemical vapor deposition, and molecular beam epitaxy, are placed within a common thermodynamic and kinetic map to clarify how distinct growth regimes produce characteristic disorder profiles and structural phases. By explicitly linking synthesis variables to charge-density-wave order, superconductivity, band topology, and correlation effects, this Review establishes crystal growth as a central parameter in determining the effective electronic Hamiltonian realized in experiment. This perspective provides a physically grounded framework for improving reproducibility and guiding deterministic control of emergent quantum phases in layered materials.