Binary Evolution Can Mimic the Pair-Instability Mass Gap in Black Hole Mergers

TL;DR

This paper demonstrates that binary evolution, specifically mass transfer processes, can produce black hole mass distributions that mimic the pair-instability mass gap observed in gravitational wave data.

Contribution

It introduces a semi-analytical model and population synthesis simulations showing how mass transfer efficiency can create a mass gap without invoking pair-instability supernovae.

Findings

Mass transfer efficiency over 50% can produce a mass cutoff mimicking the pair-instability gap.

The less massive black hole is limited by the primary's stripped mass, preventing many from exceeding 45 Msun.

Binary evolution scenarios can explain the observed features without requiring pair-instability supernovae.

Abstract

The recent O4a release from the LIGO-Virgo-KAGRA collaboration, which significantly increased the number of gravitational-wave (GW) detections, reveals features with potentially important astrophysical implications. One notable example is a hint of the so-called pair-instability mass gap. In particular, the observed decline in the number of black holes (BHs) with mass above 45 Msun, together with indications of possibly higher spins for BHs above this threshold, has been interpreted by Antonini et al. and Tong et al. as evidence for pair-instability supernovae. In this work, we investigate whether mass transfer in binary systems can produce BH components' mass distribution that mimics the pair-instability limit. We use both the population synthesis code StarTrack and a simple semi-analytical framework to highlight the impact of mass transfer efficiency on the BH masses. We find that efficient mass transfer (over 50%) during the first Roche-lobe overflow, followed by a highly non-conservative second mass transfer phase, naturally limits the mass of the first-born BH and produces a cutoff that mimics a mass gap. While the upper mass limit for the more massive BH is increased through accretion during the first mass-transfer phase and is ultimately set by the pair-instability limit, the less massive BH is limited to the stripped primary mass. As a result, the fraction of systems in which the less massive BH exceeds 45 Msun is negligible. While the pair-instability mass gap is a plausible interpretation of current GW data, similar features can naturally arise from binary evolution. Future detections will help distinguish between these scenarios. In particular, a predominance of positive effective spins or low-spin events within the gap would challenge the pair-instability interpretation and instead support a binary-interaction origin for high-mass BHs.