Including higher-order modes in a quadrupolar eccentric numerical relativity surrogate using universal eccentric modulation functions

TL;DR

The paper introduces a new framework for generating multi-modal eccentric gravitational waveforms by extending existing models with universal eccentric modulation functions, achieving high accuracy and modularity.

Contribution

It develops a framework that incorporates higher-order modes into eccentric waveform models using universal modulation functions, enhancing accuracy and modularity.

Findings

Achieves median mismatch of ~9×10⁻⁵ against 156 NR waveforms.

Combines quasi-circular and eccentric models to produce multi-modal waveforms.

Provides both surrogate and analytical models for eccentricity evolution.

Abstract

\texttt{gwNRHME} is a framework that converts multi-modal (i.e., containing several spherical harmonic modes) quasi-circular waveforms into their eccentric counterparts, provided the quadrupolar eccentric mode is known, by exploiting universal eccentric modulation functions. Leveraging this framework, we combine the quasi-circular NR surrogate model \texttt{NRHybSur3dq8} with the quadrupolar, non-spinning, eccentric surrogate \texttt{NRSurE\_q4NoSpin\_22} to construct a multi-modal, non-spinning, eccentric model, denoted as \model{}, which includes nine modes: $(2,\{1,2\})$, $(3,\{1,2,3\})$, $(4,\{2,3,4\})$, and $(5,5)$. When compared against 156 eccentric SXS NR waveforms, \model{} achieves median frequency-domain mismatches (computed using the Advanced LIGO design sensitivity) of $\sim 9\times 10^{-5}$, with a standard deviation of $\sim 2 \times 10^{-4}$. To demonstrate the modularity of the framework, we further combine \texttt{NRSurE\_q4NoSpin\_22} with effective-one-body (EOB) models \texttt{SEOBNRv5HM} and \texttt{TEOBResumS-Dali} in their non-spinning limits, yielding eccentric waveforms with median mismatches of $\sim 2\times10^{-4}$ and $\sim 10^{-3}$, respectively, with standard deviation of $\sim 2 \times 10^{-3}$ and $\sim 2 \times 10^{-2}$ respectively. Finally, we provide both a surrogate model, \texttt{gwEccEvolve\_q4NoSpin\_Sur}, and an analytical model, \texttt{gwEccEvNSv2}, for the eccentricity evolution up to $2M$ before merger, based on eccentricity definitions derived from the universal modulation functions. The \texttt{gwNRHME} framework is publicly available through the \texttt{gwModels} package, and the resulting waveform models will be released via the \texttt{gwsurrogate} package.