Unified adiabatic and diabatic excited-state description via the ensemble-variational quantum eigensolver

TL;DR

This paper introduces a generalized ensemble-variational quantum eigensolver method for simultaneously computing multiple electronic states and their diabatic representations on quantum computers, demonstrated on H4+ ion.

Contribution

It extends the ensemble-variational quantum eigensolver to handle three or more coupled electronic states with a new basis transformation and optimized quantum circuits.

Findings

Successfully addressed three coupled electronic states of H4+ ion.

Developed a parameterized basis transformation implementable on quantum hardware.

Formulated an algebraic optimization strategy for target and diabatic states.

Abstract

Within the present noisy intermediate-scale quantum-computing era, hybrid quantum-classical-processor algorithms have emerged as promising avenues for tackling electronic-structure eigenproblems. Among them, the so-called ensemble-variational quantum eigensolver has been designed to treat ground and excited states on an equal footing and proven effective in capturing features such as conical intersections and avoided crossings between two electronic states, as we recently demonstrated for formaldimine. We also showed on that example how the underlying ensemble-variational principle was prone to provide a quasi-diabatic representation "for free". To date, this method has been limited to computing only two eigenstates of a Hamiltonian. The aim of the present paper is to show how and under what conditions this can be generalized to models that involve three coupled electronic states or more. Our approach relies on designing a parameterized basis transformation that can directly be implemented on a quantum computer for further post-treatment. This nontrivial step is accompanied by the development of quantum circuits specifically adapted to the several states of interest. An algebraic optimization strategy for the parameters of the basis transformation is formulated to obtain the target eigenstates as well as the optimally diabatic states under various objective flavors of the ensemble-variational principle. Our approach was tested for addressing the first three coupled electronic states of the H$_4^+$ molecular ion as a proof of principle, with three electrons in four spatial orbitals, along various geometries.