PAPUS: Pauli-Space-Based Multiclass Quantum Classification

TL;DR

PAPUS introduces a Pauli-space-based adaptive quantum classification framework that dynamically balances accuracy and resource use, demonstrating high performance and robustness across multiple datasets and noise conditions.

Contribution

The paper presents a novel pair-adaptive quantum classification method that adjusts circuit complexity based on class difficulty, improving efficiency and robustness.

Findings

Achieves over 90% accuracy in simulations and real quantum hardware.

Reduces measurement and circuit costs compared to traditional methods.

Maintains high robustness with minimal accuracy loss under noise.

Abstract

Quantum classification faces two key challenges. First, the difficulty of distinguishing between different classes varies: some class pairs are easy to separate, while others are more challenging. Second, practical execution is affected by noise, finite sampling, and measurement overhead. To address these issues, we propose PAPUS, a framework for pair-adaptive quantum classification in Pauli space. The method evaluates candidate upload circuits using low-weight Pauli features and formulates upload design as a structured model selection problem based on discriminative representations. By dynamically adjusting circuit complexity according to class-pair difficulty, the framework achieves a better balance between classification accuracy and resource efficiency. Experiments on 9 data sets with 474 tasks show that PAPUS achieves a favorable balance between predictive performance and execution cost. Specifically, PAPUS attains classification accuracies above 90% in both local noiseless simulation and the IonQ noisy simulator, while requiring substantially lower measurement and circuit cost (fewer total measurement shots and fewer quantum gates for data upload). Compared with the two conventional baselines, template_cv and kta_exact, PAPUS also shows much stronger robustness under noise: accuracy decreases by only 1.67% in the noisy setting, whereas both baselines degrade by 9.44%.