Distance characteristics for incremental quantities

TL;DR

This paper derives network distance relay characteristics based on incremental quantities, which are independent of real-time voltages and currents, depending only on network structure and source types.

Contribution

It introduces a novel approach to characterize distance relays using incremental quantities, independent of real-time operating conditions.

Findings

Characteristics depend only on network structure and source types.

Relay operation points are independent of real-time voltages and currents.

Provides a new framework for analyzing distance relays.

Abstract

We derive distance relay characteristics in terms of incremental quantities. The characteristics are operating-point independent in that they depend on the network structure and types of sources, but not their real-time voltages or current injections.