Missing pairs in open cluster catalogs

TL;DR

This study identifies and characterizes new open cluster pair candidates in the Galaxy by cross-matching catalogs, applying kinematic constraints, and assessing gravitational binding through orbital integration.

Contribution

It introduces a method combining multi-catalog data and dynamical validation to find previously overlooked open cluster pairs and groups in the Galaxy.

Findings

Identified seven binary cluster candidates, including two likely bound systems.

Refined memberships of known complexes and discovered a new group around FSR_0198.

Reconciled 15 clusters with discrepant names between catalogs.

Abstract

Open clusters (OCs) in our Galaxy can be found in pairs, possibly forming physical binaries, or in groups. These objects offer unique insights into the process of star formation and testify to the dynamical interactions at local and galactic scales. Therefore, building as complete a census as possible is a valuable endeavor. This work is aimed at identifying and characterizing new OC pair candidates that had been overlooked in previous studies. Two recent comprehensive catalogs were cross-matched to identify OCs in the first catalog that had been missing from the second one. From this list, counterparts in the second catalog were searched within a 3D distance of 50 pc. Candidate pairs were then selected by applying constraints on the tangential velocity (TV) difference. An orbital integration was performed to assess gravitational binding. The similarity in terms of the radial velocity (RV) and age was evaluated. We identified seven isolated binary cluster candidates, comprising two likely bound systems with stable orbits over 100 Myr; two pairs with a possible common origin but lacking RV confirmation; and three pairs with significant velocity discrepancies, suggesting they are unbound or in transitional states. We also identified six cluster group candidates, while refining the membership of known complexes such as UBC\_672 and NGC\_1977, and discovering a new group around FSR\_0198. Notably, the UBC\_392 group exhibits coherent proper motions but inconsistent RVs and large age spreads, indicating that it is not gravitationally bound. Additionally, we reconciled 15 clusters with discrepant nomenclature between the two catalogs. Multi-catalog integration combined with kinematic and dynamical validation is essential for establishing a complete census of Galactic cluster pairs.