RefereeBench: Are Video MLLMs Ready to be Multi-Sport Referees

TL;DR

RefereeBench is a new large-scale benchmark designed to evaluate multimodal large language models' ability to support rule-based decision-making in sports officiating, revealing current models' limitations.

Contribution

This paper introduces RefereeBench, the first comprehensive benchmark for assessing MLLMs as automated sports referees across multiple sports and officiating tasks.

Findings

State-of-the-art models achieve only around 60% accuracy.

Models struggle with rule application and temporal grounding.

Current models often over-call fouls on normal clips.

Abstract

While Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) excel at generic video understanding, their ability to support specialized, rule-grounded decision-making remains insufficiently explored. In this paper, we introduce RefereeBench, the first large-scale benchmark for evaluating MLLMs as automatic sports referees. Spanning 11 sports with 925 curated videos and 6,475 QA pairs, RefereeBench evaluates five core officiating abilities: foul existence, foul and penalty classification, foul and penalty reasoning, entity perception, and temporal grounding. The benchmark is fully human-annotated to ensure high-quality annotations grounded in authentic officiating logic and multimodal evidence. Extensive evaluations of state-of-the-art MLLMs show that even the strongest models, such as Doubao-Seed-1.8 and Gemini-3-Pro, achieve only around 60% accuracy, while the strongest open-source model, Qwen3-VL, reaches only 47%. These results indicate that current models remain far from being reliable sports referees. Further analysis shows that while models can often identify incidents and involved entities, they struggle with rule application and temporal grounding, and frequently over-call fouls on normal clips. Our benchmark highlights the need for future MLLMs that better integrate domain knowledge and multimodal understanding, advancing trustworthy AI-assisted officiating and broader multimodal decision-making.