The GECKOS survey: Resolving the molecular and ionised gas in the galactic outflow of ESO~484-036

TL;DR

This study uses multi-phase observations to analyze the outflow in ESO 484-036, revealing the dynamics, mass rates, and implications for galaxy evolution and simulation models.

Contribution

First spatially resolved multiphase analysis of outflows in ESO 484-036 combining ionised and molecular gas observations.

Findings

Molecular gas dominates near the disc, ionised extends beyond 3 kpc.

Outflow velocities are up to 400 km/s, consistent with ballistic motion.

Mass loading factors suggest starburst-driven outflows with significant cold gas presence.

Abstract

We present a spatially resolved, multiphase study of the outflow in the edge-on starburst galaxy ESO~484-036 from the GECKOS survey, combining VLT/MUSE H$\alpha$ and ALMA CO(1$-$0) observations to analyse the atomic ionised and cold molecular gas. Both show extraplanar emission consistent with a conical outflow. Ionised gas is enclosed by molecular gas, which is detected up to 2.5 kpc from the disc. Molecular gas dominates near the disc, except at the nuclear base, while ionised gas extends beyond 3 kpc. The deprojected outflow velocities are $\lesssim400\ \rm km\ s^{-1}$ in both phases and are consistent with ballistic motion, with some gas possibly falling back onto the disc. We find that the mass outflow rates are in the range of $\dot M_{\rm ion}\sim1-5\ \rm M_\odot\ \rm yr^{-1}$ and $\dot M_{\rm mol}\sim13-54\ \rm M_\odot\ \rm yr^{-1}$, giving mass loading factors of $\eta_{M\rm, ion}\sim 0.1-0.6$ and $\eta_{M\rm, mol}\sim 1.5-6.2$. These ranges reflect velocity and geometric uncertainties. Despite the short depletion time ($\tau_{\rm dep} = 16-48\rm\ Myr$), the outflow may regulate rather than permanently quench the gas reservoir. Energy loading ($\eta_E\leq0.16$) and momentum loading ($\eta_p\lesssim1$) support a purely starburst-driven outflow. Comparing ESO~484-036 with a literature sample, we find a systematic 1~dex shift in mass-loading relations when molecular gas is included. This produces a $\sim3.5$~dex discrepancy with cosmological simulations in $\eta_{M\rm, mol}/\eta_{M\rm, ion}$, implying that current models strongly underpredict cold gas production and the role of short-range recycling flows in starburst galaxies.