Active Beyond-Diagonal Reconfigurable Intelligent Surface with Hybrid Transmitting and Reflecting Mode

TL;DR

This paper introduces a hybrid transmitting and reflecting active BD-RIS architecture that enhances wave manipulation and coverage, outperforming existing passive and active RISs through novel design and optimization.

Contribution

It proposes a unified framework for hybrid mode active BD-RIS architectures, including reciprocal and non-reciprocal designs, with optimized joint transmit precoding.

Findings

Active BD-RIS with hybrid mode significantly outperforms passive and active RISs.

The proposed architectures achieve higher sum rates under the same power budget.

Numerical results confirm the benefits of inter-element connections, arrangements, and active amplification.

Abstract

Beyond-diagonal reconfigurable intelligent surfaces (BD-RISs), originally in the passive form, have attracted attention due to their benefits in enhanced wave manipulating through flexible inter-element connections and element arrangements. To mitigate the severe multiplicative fading, the concept of active BD-RISs with signal amplification capability has recently been proposed. Inspired by this, we investigate the hybrid transmitting and reflecting mode of active BD-RISs to achieve full-space coverage. We start by deriving a physics compliant communication model applying active BD-RIS with hybrid mode. We further propose novel architectures including reciprocal and non-reciprocal implementations with cell-wise single, group, and fully connections. We also develop a unified optimization framework for the joint transmit precoding and hybrid mode active BD-RIS design to maximize the sum rate of multi-user communication systems, which is applicable to all considered architectures. Numerical results demonstrate that, under the same total power budget, the proposed active BD-RIS with hybrid mode substantially outperforms active and passive simultaneous transmitting and reflecting RISs as well as passive BD-RISs with hybrid mode. This shows the synergy gain from inter-element connection, element arrangements, and active amplification.