Active Beyond-Diagonal Reconfigurable Intelligent Surface with Hybrid Transmitting and Reflecting Mode
Fu Liu, Hongyu Li, Shanpu Shen

TL;DR
This paper introduces a hybrid transmitting and reflecting active BD-RIS architecture that enhances wave manipulation and coverage, outperforming existing passive and active RISs through novel design and optimization.
Contribution
It proposes a unified framework for hybrid mode active BD-RIS architectures, including reciprocal and non-reciprocal designs, with optimized joint transmit precoding.
Findings
Active BD-RIS with hybrid mode significantly outperforms passive and active RISs.
The proposed architectures achieve higher sum rates under the same power budget.
Numerical results confirm the benefits of inter-element connections, arrangements, and active amplification.
Abstract
Beyond-diagonal reconfigurable intelligent surfaces (BD-RISs), originally in the passive form, have attracted attention due to their benefits in enhanced wave manipulating through flexible inter-element connections and element arrangements. To mitigate the severe multiplicative fading, the concept of active BD-RISs with signal amplification capability has recently been proposed. Inspired by this, we investigate the hybrid transmitting and reflecting mode of active BD-RISs to achieve full-space coverage. We start by deriving a physics compliant communication model applying active BD-RIS with hybrid mode. We further propose novel architectures including reciprocal and non-reciprocal implementations with cell-wise single, group, and fully connections. We also develop a unified optimization framework for the joint transmit precoding and hybrid mode active BD-RIS design to maximize the sum…
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