The balance problem for $n$ aligned black holes

TL;DR

This paper develops a method using soliton techniques to analyze the equilibrium configurations of multiple aligned black holes in general relativity, reducing the problem to a finite-parameter family of solutions.

Contribution

It derives the general form of boundary data for multiple black holes, enabling a systematic search for solutions and advancing understanding of their possible equilibrium states.

Findings

Reduces the complex PDE problem to finite-parameter analysis.

Provides a framework for studying multi-black-hole configurations.

Summarizes known results and states open problems in the field.

Abstract

An intriguing open problem in general relativity is whether a stationary equilibrium configuration of multiple, physically relevant black holes can exist. In such a hypothetical setup, the gravitational attraction would need to be balanced by the repulsive spin-spin and electromagnetic interactions. This contribution reports on a method to address this problem for an arbitrary number of $n$ aligned, rotating and possibly charged black holes in an asymptotically flat spacetime. By employing soliton methods to study the underlying boundary value problem for the Einstein-Maxwell equations, we derive the most general form of the boundary data on the symmetry axis. The resulting axis potentials are necessarily rational functions of a specific form, depending on a finite number of parameters. This powerful result reduces the search for $n$-black-hole solutions from solving a highly nonlinear PDE system to analysing a well-defined, finite-parameter family of candidate solutions. We briefly review known results for special cases, such as the constructive uniqueness proofs for a single black hole in vacuum or electrovacuum, and the non-existence proof for two stationary black holes in vacuum, before stating the open problem for more general configurations.