Holonomy-based Diagnostic of Strain Compatibility in Birefringence Imaging of Stress-induced Ferroelectric SrTiO$_3$

TL;DR

This paper introduces a holonomy-based geometric diagnostic to assess strain compatibility in birefringence imaging of stress-induced ferroelectric SrTiO$_3$, revealing global orientational incompatibilities and reorganization under cooling.

Contribution

The work develops a novel holonomy angle diagnostic for director fields, providing insights beyond local gradients into global strain compatibility in ferroelectric materials.

Findings

Holonomy angle $oldsymbol{ extomega}$ detects global orientational incompatibility.

Cooling induces reorganization of electromechanical response.

Holonomy-based diagnostic reveals strain inhomogeneity above transition.

Abstract

We introduce a holonomy-based geometric diagnostic for birefringence-derived director fields and apply it to stress-induced ferroelectric SrTiO$_3$. Treating the director as a line field in $\mathbb{R}P^2$, we define a holonomy angle $\omega$ from residual rotations accumulated along closed loops in real space and compare it with a conventional local-gradient metric. Whereas the gradient quantifies local orientational variation, $\omega$ probes the global compatibility of rotations along closed paths. The resulting $\omega$ map cannot be reproduced by simple coarse-graining of local gradients, indicating sensitivity to loop-level orientational incompatibility. Analysis of alignment of holonomy rotation axes reveals a cooling-induced reorganization of the electromechanical response, consistent with strain- or stress-related inhomogeneity above the ferroelectric transition and additional ordering below it. These results demonstrate holonomy as a loop-based geometric diagnostic of strain compatibility in orientational fields derived from birefringence.