Characterizing Performance-Energy Trade-offs of Large Language Models in Multi-Request Workflows

TL;DR

This paper systematically analyzes the performance and energy trade-offs in multi-request large language model workflows, revealing key factors like batch size and power capping that influence efficiency.

Contribution

It introduces the first comprehensive characterization of energy-performance trade-offs in multi-request LLM inference, using representative workloads and real hardware measurements.

Findings

Batch size significantly impacts latency and energy efficiency, workload dependent.

GPU power capping yields modest energy savings with predictable effects.

Engine-level optimizations and workflow-aware scheduling improve efficiency under constraints.

Abstract

Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly used in applications forming multi-request workflows like document summarization, search-based copilots, and multi-agent programming. While these workflows unlock richer functionality, they also amplify latency and energy demand during inference. Existing measurement and benchmarking efforts either focus on assessing LLM inference systems or consider single-request evaluations, overlooking workflow dependencies and cross-request interactions unique to multi-request workflows. Moreover, the energy usage of such interdependent LLM calls remains underexplored. To address these gaps, this paper presents the first systematic characterization of performance-energy trade-offs in multi-request LLM inference. We develop four representative workloads capturing sequential, interactive, agentic, and composite patterns common in modern deployments. Using an NVIDIA A100 testbed with state-of-the-art serving systems (vLLM and Parrot), we analyze how key energy knobs affect latency, throughput, and component-level energy use. Our findings reveal batch size as the most impactful lever, though benefits are workload dependent. While optimal batching benefits workloads with large shared prompts, it is ineffective for sequential summarization and only partially effective for multi-agent coding. GPU power capping provides modest but predictable savings, while output length induces linear energy scaling with limited efficiency gains. We further show that engine-level optimizations in vLLM maintain higher GPU utilization and efficiency, especially for decode-heavy workloads, while Parrot's workflow-aware scheduling achieves lower energy consumption under strict power constraints. These findings offer actionable guidelines for developers and system operators designing performance- and energy-aware LLM serving systems in emerging multi-request workflows.