The evolution of the mid-infrared spectrum of SN 1987A observed with the JWST/MIRI-MRS

TL;DR

This study presents the second epoch of JWST/MIRI-MRS observations of SN 1987A, revealing the spatial and temporal evolution of dust, ejecta, and shocks over 384 days, including the first detection of mid-IR H2 emission from the ejecta.

Contribution

First spatially resolved mid-IR spectroscopic temporal evolution of SN 1987A, including detection of mid-IR H2 emission and insights into ejecta and dust evolution.

Findings

Inner equatorial ring fading, outer brightening observed.

Rapid evolution of ejecta emission lines due to ejecta-ring interaction.

First detection of mid-IR H2 emission associated with the ejecta.

Abstract

Supernova (SN) 1987A provides a unique laboratory for investigating many aspects of SN physics and evolution. An observation at Day 12927 (35.4 yr) since the explosion with the Mid-Infrared Instrument (MIRI) Medium Resolution Spectrometer (MRS) on the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) provided the first spatially resolved spectroscopic study of SN 1987A in the mid-IR, yielding insights into the evolution of dust, the ejecta, the equatorial ring (ER), and shocks in the system. Here we present a second epoch with MIRI/MRS at Day 13311 (36.4 yr) allowing the mid-IR spatially resolved spectroscopic temporal evolution of SN 1987A to be probed for the first time. Analysis of the ER-dominated dust continuum showed little evolution between Days 12927 and 13311. However, a spatial analysis reveals the inner ER to be fading while the outermost regions are brightening. Broad ejecta emission lines detected at Day 12927 are evolving rapidly, driven by the recent onset of the ejecta/equatorial ring interaction in the northeast and southwest of the ER. Most lines from the ER show no change during the 384 days between the epochs, though some such as [Ne II] and [Ar II] have faded. We identify mid-IR H2 emission associated with the ejecta for the first time. Using the near- and mid-IR [Fe II] lines as density and temperature diagnostics of the ejecta in the interaction region we find it likely that the dense inner Fe-rich ejecta has now reached the reverse shock. Continued monitoring of SN 1987A is essential to observe the evolving ejecta/ER interaction and dust components.