Predicting Mesoscopic Larmor Frequency Shifts in Ex Vivo Porcine Optic Nerve

TL;DR

This study demonstrates that Microstructure-informed Quantitative Susceptibility Mapping ({}QSM) can accurately predict orientation-dependent mesoscopic Larmor frequency shifts in ex vivo pig optic nerves, enhancing understanding of tissue microstructure effects.

Contribution

The paper shows that {}QSM effectively models sub-voxel frequency shifts caused by microstructural anisotropy, with minimal iron influence, advancing susceptibility mapping techniques.

Findings

{}QSM predictions closely match measured frequency shifts.

De-ironing minimally affects frequency shifts, indicating low iron contribution.

{}QSM captures the orientation dependence of Larmor frequency shifts.

Abstract

Larmor frequency shifts in white matter (WM) vary with fiber orientation due to anisotropic microstructure. Since clinical voxels are significantly larger than these microscopic frequency variations, the measured signal represents a bulk average of local shifts. Accurate estimation of magnetic susceptibility therefore requires accounting for these underlying frequency distributions that exist below the imaging resolution. We evaluated whether Microstructure-informed Quantitative Susceptibility Mapping ({\mu}QSM) can predict orientation-dependent sub-voxel frequency shifts from orientationally dispersed hollow cylinders and spherical inclusions. Diffusion-weighted and multi-gradient-echo images were acquired from ex vivo pig optic nerves at multiple orientations relative to the main magnetic field using a 3T Siemens Connectom scanner. We also analyzed de-ironed optic nerves to try and separate the effects of myelin and iron on susceptibility. The estimated sub-voxel frequency shifts closely matched {\mu}QSM predictions, consistent with mesoscopic field perturbations generated by uniformly magnetized axons. De-ironing had minimal effect on the frequency shifts, indicating negligible iron contribution. {\mu}QSM accurately reproduces the orientation dependence of Larmor frequency shifts in optic nerve WM, providing new insight into their microstructural origin and supporting improved estimation of tissue magnetic susceptibility in Quantitative Susceptibility Mapping.