Beyond Dense Connectivity: Explicit Sparsity for Scalable Recommendation

TL;DR

This paper introduces SSR, a framework that explicitly incorporates sparsity into recommendation models, improving scalability and performance over dense architectures on large-scale datasets.

Contribution

The paper proposes SSR, a novel architecture with explicit sparsity mechanisms, addressing the structural mismatch in recommendation models and enhancing scalability.

Findings

SSR outperforms state-of-the-art baselines on multiple datasets.

SSR demonstrates superior scalability with continuous performance gains.

Explicit sparsity mechanisms improve model efficiency and effectiveness.

Abstract

Recent progress in scaling large models has motivated recommender systems to increase model depth and capacity to better leverage massive behavioral data. However, recommendation inputs are high-dimensional and extremely sparse, and simply scaling dense backbones (e.g., deep MLPs) often yields diminishing returns or even performance degradation. Our analysis of industrial CTR models reveals a phenomenon of implicit connection sparsity: most learned connection weights tend towards zero, while only a small fraction remain prominent. This indicates a structural mismatch between dense connectivity and sparse recommendation data; by compelling the model to process vast low-utility connections instead of valid signals, the dense architecture itself becomes the primary bottleneck to effective pattern modeling. We propose SSR (Explicit Sparsity for Scalable Recommendation), a framework that incorporates sparsity explicitly into the architecture. SSR employs a multi-view "filter-then-fuse" mechanism, decomposing inputs into parallel views for dimension-level sparse filtering followed by dense fusion. Specifically, we realize the sparsity via two strategies: a Static Random Filter that achieves efficient structural sparsity via fixed dimension subsets, and Iterative Competitive Sparse (ICS), a differentiable dynamic mechanism that employs bio-inspired competition to adaptively retain high-response dimensions. Experiments on three public datasets and a billion-scale industrial dataset from AliExpress (a global e-commerce platform) show that SSR outperforms state-of-the-art baselines under similar budgets. Crucially, SSR exhibits superior scalability, delivering continuous performance gains where dense models saturate.