Hydrolyzed Hazes on Water-rich Exoplanets: Optical Constants and Detectability

TL;DR

This study investigates how hydrolysis alters haze optical properties on water-rich exoplanets, revealing increased absorption that impacts atmospheric observations and modeling.

Contribution

It provides experimental optical constants for hydrolyzed haze analogs, highlighting their effect on spectral features and implications for exoplanet atmospheric analysis.

Findings

Hydrolysis increases haze absorbance and alters functional groups.

Hydrolyzed hazes have high imaginary refractive index, flattening spectral features.

Model spectra with hydrolyzed haze properties show significant obscuration of gaseous signatures.

Abstract

Observations of temperate sub-Neptunes suggest active chemical environments, finding evidence of both water vapor and photochemical hazes in their atmospheres. Hazes formed in water-rich atmospheres are chemically complex, containing molecules relevant to prebiotic chemistry, and their strong optical opacity obscures sought-after gaseous molecular absorption features. While many studies have investigated haze formation and properties across diverse atmospheric conditions, little is known about the evolution of these hazes in their environment once formed. In particular, interactions with water can drive hydrolysis reactions that alter haze composition and optical behavior, affecting our interpretations of habitability and observational spectroscopy. Here, we perform hydrolysis experiments on haze analogs of temperate water-rich exoplanets and measure their optical properties. Transmittance measurements from 0.4 to 28.5 $\mu$m reveal changes in key functional groups after hydrolysis, along with an overall increase in sample absorbance. We report the derived optical constants for use in observational and modeling studies. Through synthetic atmospheric spectra, we demonstrate the need for physically informed haze optical properties in models, consistent with expected planetary conditions. The increased absorptivity and high imaginary refractive index of hydrolyzed hazes almost completely flatten features in model spectra, presenting critical consequences for atmospheric characterization of water-rich sub-Neptunes.