Temporal Structure Mediates the Robustness and Collapse of Plant-Pollinator Networks

TL;DR

This paper develops a temporal structural model of plant-pollinator networks, revealing how seasonal dynamics influence community diversity, stability, and vulnerability to collapse.

Contribution

It introduces a novel model incorporating seasonal turnover and uses network science to link temporal structure to community resilience and phase transitions.

Findings

Temporal structure creates distinct ecological phases and bistability.

It mediates the nature of community transitions, affecting whether shifts are gradual or abrupt.

Temporal dynamics reduce robustness, increasing susceptibility to extinctions.

Abstract

Mutualistic networks provide a powerful way to describe and analyse plant-pollinator communities and their structure over time. While these networks capture the complex interdependencies that link population fates across the season, they can be hard to untangle, preventing us from understanding the emergence of community-scale properties and responses to perturbation. Here, we address this problem by developing a structural model of a plant-pollinator community that explicitly incorporates seasonal turnover and the temporal nature of species interactions. We analyse our model using percolation methods from network science to derive simple analytical solutions linking network structure to emergent community diversity. Our findings reveal that temporal structure organises community diversity into distinct ecological phases, creating the potential for alternative high- and low-diversity states and bistable regimes. We demonstrate how this temporal structure mediates the nature of transitions between these states, determining whether systems undergo gradual shifts or abrupt, catastrophic collapses. Crucially, we show how this temporal structure reduces the robustness of plant-pollinator systems, creating bottlenecks that inhibit species persistence and increase susceptibility to secondary extinctions. Our results demonstrate that the temporal dynamics of plant-pollinator networks are central to mediating their fragility, highlighting the importance of accounting for time when considering community resilience.