MARVEL: Multimodal Adaptive Reasoning-intensiVe Expand-rerank and retrievaL

TL;DR

MARVEL is a unified multimodal retrieval framework that significantly improves reasoning-intensive retrieval performance by combining query expansion, a reasoning-enhanced retriever, and step-by-step reranking.

Contribution

It introduces a novel integrated pipeline that combines LLM-driven query expansion, a reasoning-enhanced retriever, and chain-of-thought reranking, surpassing existing multimodal retrieval methods.

Findings

Achieves 37.9 nDCG@10 on MM-BRIGHT, outperforming previous best by 10.3 points.

Outperforms all baselines in 27 of 29 domains, matching the best in two.

Demonstrates the effectiveness of a unified expand-retrieve-rerank framework for multimodal retrieval.

Abstract

Multimodal retrieval over text corpora remains a fundamental challenge: the best vision-language encoder achieves only 27.6 nDCG@10 on MM-BRIGHT, a reasoning-intensive multimodal retrieval benchmark, underperforming strong text-only systems. We argue that effective multimodal retrieval requires three tightly integrated capabilities that existing approaches address only in isolation: expanding the query's latent intent, retrieving with a model trained for complex reasoning, and reranking via explicit step-by-step reasoning over candidates. We introduce \textbf{MARVEL} (\textbf{M}ultimodal \textbf{A}daptive \textbf{R}easoning-intensi\textbf{V}e \textbf{E}xpand-rerank and retrieva\textbf{L}), a unified pipeline that combines LLM-driven query expansion, \textbf{MARVEL-Retriever} -- a reasoning-enhanced dense retriever fine-tuned for complex multimodal queries -- and GPT-4o-based chain-of-thought reranking with optional multi-pass reciprocal rank fusion. Evaluated on MM-BRIGHT across 29 technical domains, MARVEL achieves \textbf{37.9} nDCG@10, surpassing the best multimodal encoder by \textbf{+10.3 points} and outperforming all single-stage baselines in 27 of 29 domains and matching or approaching the best baseline in the remaining two highly-specialized domains (Crypto, Quantum Computing), demonstrating that reasoning-intensive multimodal retrieval is best addressed through a unified expand-retrieve-rerank framework. https://github.com/mm-bright/multimodal-reasoning-retrieval