Quantum MIMO Channel Modeling in Turbulent Free-Space Optical Links

TL;DR

This paper develops a first-principles quantum MIMO channel model for free-space optical links affected by atmospheric turbulence, accounting for intermodal crosstalk, photon indistinguishability, and loss.

Contribution

It introduces a comprehensive wave-optical framework for quantum MIMO channels in turbulent FSO links, including a novel erasure encoding for physical effects.

Findings

Model explicitly accounts for turbulence-induced crosstalk and photon loss.

Indistinguishability leads to many-body interference described by matrix permanents.

Channel reduces to correlated n-qubit erasure channels with turbulence-induced correlations.

Abstract

Free-space optical (FSO) links supporting spatial multiplexing provide a natural physical realization of Quantum MIMO channels. We develop a first-principles model for Quantum MIMO channels derived directly from wave-optical propagation through three-dimensional atmospheric turbulence. The framework explicitly accounts for intermodal crosstalk, finite detection apertures, and the system-bath separation induced by spatial-mode projection. We distinguish between distinguishable and indistinguishable photon regimes, showing that indistinguishability leads to intrinsically many-body interference effects described by matrix permanents. To obtain a completely positive and trace-preserving logical description, we introduce an erasure-extended encoding in which turbulence-induced leakage and photon loss are mapped to flagged erasure states. The resulting Quantum MIMO channel naturally reduces to a correlated n-qubit erasure channel, with correlations arising from the shared turbulent medium. Limiting regimes in which correlated Pauli channels emerge as effective approximations are also identified.