The Illusion of Morphology in Tidal Structures: Changes to Stellar Shells and Streams in Non-Spherical Haloes

TL;DR

This study examines how dark matter halo shape influences the appearance and classification of tidal structures like shells and streams, revealing projection effects and the importance of systematic analysis.

Contribution

It introduces a clustering-based classification framework to distinguish tidal debris types across different halo shapes and projections.

Findings

Halo shape affects tidal debris formation and appearance.

Projection dependence can lead to misclassification of structures.

Halo geometry influences the dispersion and density evolution of streams.

Abstract

We identify shell-like tidal structures in flattened haloes that appear stream-like under different projections. This projection dependence demonstrates how changes in the host halo directly impact the formation and classification of tidal debris, highlighting the challenges of relying solely on visual inspection. To address this, we employ our clustering-based classification framework to systematically categorise tidally disrupted satellites into stream-like and shell-like structures. Our host consists of a static three-component MW model with flattening introduced along the z-axis NFW dark halo. We consider three halo shapes: spherical q = 1, extremely oblate q = 0.5, and prolate q = 1.5. We evolve three subhalo types: a highly radial massive subhalo favouring shell formation, an eccentric orbit leading to stream formation, and an intermediate orbit. We first classify the tidal structures visually using face-on and edge-on density projections of the 3D position distribution. This reveals shell-like and stream-like formations across face-on projections, while edge-on views lead to contrary classifications in some cases. To resolve these ambiguities, we apply the classification method developed in our earlier work, analysing structures in ordered density, radial, and energy-angle space. We further investigate the spatial dispersion of stream-like structures and the rate at which core density reduces as the flattening parameter varies. Our results demonstrate that halo shape variations affect tidal debris formation and classification, as well as the spatial dispersion and core density evolution of streams. These findings offer new insights into the role of dark matter halo geometry in shaping tidal structure formation and its contribution to hierarchical galaxy formation and evolution.