Cyclic Heat Engine with the Ising model: role of interactions and criticality

TL;DR

This paper introduces a cyclic heat engine based on the Ising model, analyzing how interactions and phase transitions influence its power and efficiency, with analytical and numerical results demonstrating interaction-enhanced performance.

Contribution

It provides the first analytical exploration of Ising model-based heat engines, highlighting the role of interactions and phase transitions in engine performance.

Findings

Interactions can enhance power and efficiency.

Systems not functioning as engines without interactions can do so when interactions are tuned.

Optimal performance occurs near phase transition regimes.

Abstract

Heat engines that convert thermal energy into work are a cornerstone of classical thermodynamics and remain an active area of contemporary research. Notable examples include microscopic heat engines, trade-off relations between power and efficiency, and the attainability of Carnot efficiency at finite power. We propose a cyclic heat engine based on the Ising model, in which the thermodynamic cycle involves variations of both temperature and magnetic field. We analyze the one-dimensional and mean-field Ising models, which allow for simple analytical results and provide new insight into the role of interactions in cyclic heat engines. In particular, we show that interactions can enhance both power and efficiency. Moreover, a system that does not operate as an engine in the absence of interactions can become an engine upon tuning the interaction strength. The mean-field model enables us to investigate the relevance of the phase transition for the performance of this Ising heat engine. Owing to the emergence of spontaneous magnetization, the mean-field model can still operate as an engine even when one of the magnetic fields is set to zero. Remarkably, when the work is maximized, we find that the optimal parameters are numerically consistent with this regime, in which one magnetic field vanishes and the cycle explores the phase transition. We also consider an alternative cycle for the mean-field model, obtained by varying the interaction strength while keeping both temperatures below the critical temperature and setting the magnetic field to zero throughout the cycle. The power and efficiency of this cycle are analyzed as well. Finally, while our analytical results are valid for the limit of large period we use numerical simulations for finite periods and show that the power decreases monotonically with the period.