Bounded Autonomy: Controlling LLM Characters in Live Multiplayer Games

TL;DR

This paper introduces bounded autonomy, a control architecture for integrating large language model characters into live multiplayer games, ensuring social coherence, controllability, and real-time interaction.

Contribution

It proposes a novel control framework with specific interfaces and techniques, demonstrated through deployment in a live multiplayer social game.

Findings

Bounded autonomy enables stable LLM character interactions in live multiplayer settings.

The architecture allows effective player influence without compromising character autonomy.

Experimental results show improved grounding quality and interaction stability.

Abstract

Large language models (LLMs) are bringing richer dialogue and social behavior into games, but they also expose a control problem that existing game interfaces do not directly address: how should LLM characters participate in live multiplayer interaction while remaining executable in the shared game world, socially coherent with other active characters, and steerable by players when needed? We frame this problem as bounded autonomy, a control architecture for live multiplayer games that organizes LLM character control around three interfaces: agent-agent interaction, agent-world action execution, and player-agent steering. We instantiate bounded autonomy with probabilistic reply-chain decay, an embedding-based action grounding pipeline with fallback, and whisper, a lightweight soft-steering technique that lets players influence a character's next move without fully overriding autonomy. We deploy this architecture in a live multiplayer social game and study its behavior through analyses of interaction stability, grounding quality, whisper intervention success, and formative interviews. Our results show how bounded autonomy makes LLM character interaction workable in practice, frames controllability as a distinct runtime control problem for LLM characters in live multiplayer games, and provides a concrete exemplar for future games built around this interaction paradigm.