Continuous thermochemical sources of AlF molecules

TL;DR

This paper reports the development of a continuous AlF molecular beam source with high brightness, low temperature, and velocity, suitable for laser cooling and trapping experiments.

Contribution

It introduces a compact, thermochemically driven AlF beam oven that surpasses traditional sources in brightness and can be integrated into trapping setups.

Findings

Achieved a brightness of 5×10^{15} molecules/sec/sr at 923 K.

Lowered rotational temperature to around 30 K and velocity to 200 m/s.

Demonstrated AlF production in a simple dispenser and thermalization in chamber walls.

Abstract

The AlF molecule, currently subject to laser cooling and trapping efforts, has the advantage that it can be efficiently produced in a thermochemical reaction between sublimated aluminum trifluoride and aluminum metal. Here we present a series of experiments with continuous molecular beam sources of AlF, utilising this reaction. We demonstrate a compact AlF molecular beam oven whose total far-field brightness is $5\times 10^{15}$ molecules per steradian per second at 923~K, just below the melting temperature of aluminum metal. The continuous output from the oven begins to exceed the peak brightness of a jet-cooled, ablation-based supersonic AlF source for the $v=0$, $J=7$ level, and we obtain an excellent signal-to-noise ratio with the oven in pulsed laser ionisation spectroscopy experiments. By delivering flux from the oven into a cryogenic Ne buffer gas cell, we lower the rotational temperature of the beam to around 30~K and reduce its most probable forward velocity from 600~ms$^{-1}$ to 200~ms$^{-1}$. In addition, we demonstrate that AlF can be made in a simple dispenser package, and observe that molecules thermalise to the laboratory temperature after colliding with vacuum chamber walls of the experiment. The resulting transient AlF vapour may enable direct loading of a molecular magneto-optical trap.