Normal-Euler excess for disjoint nonorientable surfaces in a closed $4$-manifold

TL;DR

The paper establishes a uniform bound on the excess of nonorientable surfaces in 4-manifolds, linking their Euler numbers and genera, and extends Massey's inequality to broader contexts.

Contribution

It introduces a bound on the normal-Euler excess for disjoint nonorientable surfaces in 4-manifolds, combining tubing and branched cover techniques.

Findings

Bound on the normal-Euler excess depending only on the ambient manifold

Finiteness of certain nonorientable surfaces with large Euler numbers in 4-manifolds

Recovery of Massey's inequality in the case of homology 4-spheres

Abstract

Let \(M\) be a closed connected oriented topological \(4\)-manifold. We prove that if \(F_1,\dots,F_r\subset M\) are pairwise disjoint connected locally flat topologically embedded nonorientable surfaces with nonorientable genera \(g_i\), same-sign twisted normal Euler numbers \(e_i\), and \( [F_1]+\cdots+[F_r]=0\in H_2(M;\F_2), \) then the normal-Euler excess \( \sum_{i=1}^r \bigl(\abs{e_i}-2g_i\bigr) \) is bounded above by a constant depending only on \(M\). Thus same-sign mod-\(2\)-null families of disjoint nonorientable surfaces in a fixed ambient \(4\)-manifold have uniformly bounded total excess over Massey's \(S^4\) bound. The proof combines a tubing construction with the signature and Euler-characteristic formulas for \(2\)-fold branched covers. As corollaries, every closed oriented topological \(4\)-manifold contains only finitely many pairwise disjoint locally flat topologically embedded copies of \(\RP^2\) with \(\abs{e}>2\), and only finitely many pairwise disjoint tubular neighborhoods modeled on real \(2\)-plane bundles over \(\RP^2\) whose total spaces are orientable and whose twisted Euler numbers have absolute value greater than \(2\). When \(M\) is a homology \(4\)-sphere, the ambient error term vanishes, and the theorem recovers Massey's sharp inequality \(\abs{e(F)}\le 2g(F)\) for nonorientable surfaces in \(S^4\).