Dynamical Black Hole Thermodynamics in Modified Gravity

TL;DR

This paper investigates how modified gravity affects black hole thermodynamics and evolution, revealing non-thermal emissions and stable remnants that could be observed with future gravitational-wave detectors.

Contribution

It introduces a detailed analysis of dynamical black hole thermodynamics in modified gravity, highlighting non-thermal particle creation and stable remnants.

Findings

Scalar gravitational waves modulate black hole temperature and horizon dynamics.

Non-thermal emissions provide a channel for information escape.

Massive vector fields halt black hole evaporation, forming stable remnants.

Abstract

We study the dynamical and thermodynamic evolution of a Schwarzschild black hole in Modified Gravity (MOG) under a scalar gravitational wave breathing mode. The time-dependent apparent horizon reveals that both the scalar strain velocity and the repulsive vector charge modulate the effective surface gravity and the instantaneous dynamical temperature in a quasi-adiabatic way. As a result, this regime breaks the semiclassical adiabatic approximation and triggers explicit non-thermal particle creation. We resolve a thermodynamic paradox by decoupling first-order reversible kinematic-horizon fluctuations from second-order irreversible entropy growth, using the Raychaudhuri equation. Consequently, the Generalized Second Law remains preserved. We apply these results to address the black hole information paradox across two timescales. Short-term non-thermal emission opens a dynamical channel for the escape of correlated geometric information. On long timescales, the massive vector field halts evaporation as mass approaches the extremal bound, $M_G \to Q_G$. This yields a stable, zero-temperature remnant. These signals provide a framework for probing scalar-tensor-vector modifications to general relativity with next-generation gravitational-wave observatories