Engineering a Phase-Noise-Based Quantum Random Number Generator for Real-Time Secure Applications: Design, Validation, and Scalability

TL;DR

This paper presents a high-speed, quantum phase-noise-based RNG system that achieves 1 Gbps output, validated by standard tests, suitable for real-time secure applications.

Contribution

The work introduces a novel, end-to-end design of a phase-noise QRNG with robust randomness extraction, achieving high throughput and nearing deployment readiness.

Findings

Achieved a raw data rate of 2.0 Gbps using a semiconductor laser and fiber delay line.

Validated randomness with passing NIST and Diehard tests.

Post-processed output rate of 1.0 Gbps with TRL 7, approaching TRL 8.

Abstract

Random Number Generators (RNGs) are crucial for applications ranging from cryptography to simulations. Depending on the source of randomness, RNGs are classified into Pseudo-Random Number Generators (PRNGs), True Random Number Generators (TRNGs), and Quantum Random Number Generators (QRNGs). This work presents the end-to-end development of a high-speed, high-efficiency, phase-noise-based QRNG system that taps into the quantum phase noise of a single-frequency laser, with randomness originating from spontaneous emission. Using a self-heterodyne measurement with a semiconductor laser (linewidth $\approx$ 5.23 $GHz$) operated near threshold and a $\sim$48 $cm$ fiber delay line, a raw data generation rate of 2.0 $Gbps$ is achieved. To ensure uniform randomness in the QRNG output, robust extraction techniques developed in-house, such as the Toeplitz Strong Extractor (TSE), are used. Randomness validation using the NIST and Diehard test suites confirms that all statistical tests pass at standard confidence levels. The developed system achieves a post-processed generation rate of 1.0 $Gbps$ in operation and attains a Technology Readiness Level (TRL) of 7, approaching TRL 8, making it suitable for real-time secure applications such as cryptographic key generation and stochastic modeling.