Self-Supervised Federated Learning under Data Heterogeneity for Label-Scarce Diatom Classification

TL;DR

This paper investigates self-supervised federated learning for diatom classification, focusing on data heterogeneity in unlabeled data volume and label-space, proposing new partitioning schemes and adaptive methods to improve performance.

Contribution

It introduces PreDi for controllable heterogeneity simulation and PreP-WFL for adaptive class representation enhancement, advancing understanding of heterogeneity effects in federated learning.

Findings

Heterogeneity in unlabeled data volume improves pre-training.

Prevalence dominates performance under label-space heterogeneity.

PreP-WFL mitigates performance degradation in low-prevalence scenarios.

Abstract

Label-scarce visual classification under decentralized and heterogeneous data is a fundamental challenge in pattern recognition, especially when sites exhibit partially overlapping class sets. While self-supervised federated learning (SSFL) offers a promising solution, existing studies commonly assume the same data heterogeneity pattern throughout pre-training and fine-tuning. Moreover, current partitioning schemes often fail to generate pure partially class-disjoint data settings, limiting controllable simulation of real-world label-space heterogeneity. In this work, we introduce SSFL for diatom classification as a representative real-world instance and systematically investigate stage-specific data heterogeneity. We study cross-site variation in unlabeled data volume during pre-training and label-space misalignment during downstream fine-tuning. To study the latter in a controllable setting, we propose PreDi, a partitioning scheme that disentangles label-space heterogeneity into two orthogonal dimensions, namely class Prevalence and class-set size Disparity, enabling separate analysis of their effects. Guided by the resulting insights, we further propose PreP-WFL (Prevalence-based Personalized Weighted Federated Learning) to adaptively strengthen rare-class representations in low-prevalence scenarios. Extensive experiments show that SSFL consistently outperforms local-only training under both homogeneous and heterogeneous settings. The pronounced heterogeneity in unlabeled data volume is associated with improved representation pre-training, whereas under label-space heterogeneity, prevalence dominates performance and disparity has a smaller effect. PreP-WFL effectively mitigates this degradation, with gains increasing as prevalence decreases. These findings provide a mechanistic basis for characterizing label-space heterogeneity in decentralized recognition systems.