CIPHER: Counterfeit Image Pattern High-level Examination via Representation

TL;DR

CIPHER is a deepfake detection framework that leverages discriminator features from generative models to identify synthetic images across diverse GANs and diffusion models, achieving high robustness and superior performance.

Contribution

It introduces a novel method of reusing and fine-tuning discriminators for high-level artifact detection, improving cross-model deepfake detection robustness.

Findings

Achieves up to 74.33% F1-score across nine generative models.

Outperforms existing ViT-based detectors by over 30% in F1-score.

Maintains up to 88% F1-score on challenging datasets like CIFAKE.

Abstract

The rapid progress of generative adversarial networks (GANs) and diffusion models has enabled the creation of synthetic faces that are increasingly difficult to distinguish from real images. This progress, however, has also amplified the risks of misinformation, fraud, and identity abuse, underscoring the urgent need for detectors that remain robust across diverse generative models. In this work, we introduce Counterfeit Image Pattern High-level Examination via Representation(CIPHER), a deepfake detection framework that systematically reuses and fine-tunes discriminators originally trained for image generation. By extracting scale-adaptive features from ProGAN discriminators and temporal-consistency features from diffusion models, CIPHER captures generation-agnostic artifacts that conventional detectors often overlook. Through extensive experiments across nine state-of-the-art generative models, CIPHER demonstrates superior cross-model detection performance, achieving up to 74.33% F1-score and outperforming existing ViT-based detectors by over 30% in F1-score on average. Notably, our approach maintains robust performance on challenging datasets where baseline methods fail, with up to 88% F1-score on CIFAKE compared to near-zero performance from conventional detectors. These results validate the effectiveness of discriminator reuse and cross-model fine-tuning, establishing CIPHER as a promising approach toward building more generalizable and robust deepfake detection systems in an era of rapidly evolving generative technologies.