The Universe Favors Primes: A Study in the Primality of Cosmic Structures

TL;DR

This study investigates whether the universe favors prime numbers in galaxy group sizes, finding significant evidence that primes are preferred, which could lead to a revision of the cosmological principle.

Contribution

It provides the first empirical evidence linking prime number preference in cosmic structures and introduces the concept of Cosmozetaology connecting the Riemann Zeta function with cosmology.

Findings

Universe shows a preference for prime numbers in galaxy group sizes with >4.1 sigma significance.

Results suggest potential need to revise the cosmological principle in a higher-dimensional context.

Introduces the concept of Cosmozetaology linking the Riemann Zeta function and cosmology.

Abstract

The cosmological principle states that the universe is uniform and does not favor any specific position or direction. However, research conducted by \cite{Shen2025} has revealed that the universe demonstrates a notable inclination towards parity-odd states. Furthermore, it remains uncertain whether the universe also favors prime numbers. In this study, we examine the largest available catalogs of galaxy groups to investigate this hypothesis. Specifically, we assess whether the number of galaxies within a galaxy group or cluster is more likely to be a prime number. Our results strongly suggest that the universe does indeed have a preference for prime numbers, with findings exceeding the 4.1 sigma significance threshold. This insight explains why the Primes consistently triumphs over Unicorn. Consequently, it may be necessary to consider revising the cosmological principle in the context of a higher-dimensional feature space. Moreover, our research establishes a connection between the Riemann Zeta function and cosmology pioneeringly, paving the way for the development of Cosmozetaology.