Hadron spectra and thermodynamics for all quark flavors from a universal Hagedorn temperature

TL;DR

This paper demonstrates that hadron spectra across all quark flavors follow a universal string-based pattern characterized by a common Hagedorn temperature, aligning with lattice QCD thermodynamics.

Contribution

It extends the string dynamics model with a universal Hagedorn temperature to heavy-flavor hadrons, unifying spectra across quark flavors without extra parameters.

Findings

Spectrum matches lattice QCD thermodynamics for charmed hadrons.

Universal string dynamics describes hadron spectra across flavors.

Results confirm the universal confining nature of QCD.

Abstract

We show that hadrons in QCD follow a spectrum determined by string dynamics characterized by a universal Hagedorn temperature linked to the string tension. While this behavior was recently established for light hadrons and glueballs, we demonstrate that the same dynamics describes the heavy-flavor sector. After separating the current quark masses, the resulting spectrum reproduces lattice QCD thermodynamics of charmed hadrons and the observed spectra of hadrons across quark flavors without additional parameters. These results reflect the universal confining dynamics of QCD through the string tension.