Dirac branch-cut modes

TL;DR

This paper introduces Dirac branch-cut (DBC) modes, a new class of guided states in Dirac fields caused by phase discontinuities, demonstrated experimentally with acoustic metamaterials.

Contribution

It reveals phase discontinuities as a novel binding mechanism for Dirac modes and experimentally verifies their properties using acoustic metamaterials.

Findings

DBC modes obey a relativistic Dirac equation with a reduced mass.

Transverse confinement length of DBC modes is energy-independent.

DBC modes can propagate along arbitrary freeform paths.

Abstract

Bound states arising in Dirac fields are usually attributed to two kinds of features: domain walls where a real Dirac mass field changes sign, which host Jackiw-Rebbi states, and phase singularities in a complex Dirac mass field, which host Jackiw-Rossi zero modes. We show that phase discontinuities, such as branch-cuts of complex branch functions, supply a third distinct binding mechanism. We derive the existence of guided modes that propagate along the cut, called Dirac branch-cut (DBC) modes, which obey an effective one-dimensional relativistic Dirac equation with a reduced mass determined by the phase difference across the cut. When the mass field has fixed magnitude, the DBC modes' transverse confinement lengths are energy-independent, unlike Jackiw-Rebbi and Jackiw-Rossi states or conventional boundary modes. Using acoustic metamaterials, we realize DBC modes experimentally, and verify their relativistic dispersion, robust transverse confinement length, and ability to propagate along freeform paths. These results show that phase discontinuities in a complex Dirac mass field constitute a versatile design principle for guided modes, with interesting application possibilities for photonic and acoustic metamaterials.