Localization-driven exchange contrast in diffusion exchange spectroscopy

TL;DR

This paper reveals that diffusion exchange spectroscopy signals can exhibit contrast due to spatial localization effects in simple compartments, potentially leading to misinterpretation of exchange rates.

Contribution

It demonstrates that localization effects alone can produce exchange-like signals in DEXSY, challenging assumptions about barrier permeability in such measurements.

Findings

Localization can cause apparent exchange rates proportional to D/L^2.

Edge enhancement effects lead to signal contrast without actual exchange.

Measured exchange rate k is approximately π^2 D/L^2 in the localization regime.

Abstract

Diffusion exchange spectroscopy (DEXSY) is a method to probe exchange between domains of varying confinement. Analyses of DEXSY signals typically assume Gaussian diffusion within distinct compartments and first-order exchange kinetics between them. Other situations can yield DEXSY signal contrast with respect to mixing time, however, leading to potentially erroneous interpretation. Here, we demonstrate that a one-dimensional compartment with reflecting boundaries and without relaxation can by itself produce such contrast in certain experimental regimes. The origin of this contrast is the diffusive mixing of spin isochromats initially near versus far from either boundary, as the former can be relatively coherent in an effect known as edge enhancement or signal localization. We consider DEXSY signals in the case of extended field gradients and identical encodings. Signals were generated via a numerical approach that solves the Bloch-Torrey equation in discrete space and time using matrix operators. We find that in the localization regime, an apparent first-order rate constant of exchange, $k$, can be extracted from DEXSY signals even in this minimal system. The measured $k$ is approximately proportional to $D/L^2$, where $D$ is the diffusivity and $L$ is the domain size. Typically, $k \approx \pi^2 D/L^2$. We attribute this localization-driven exchange to the relaxation of spatial magnetization modes with mixing time, noting that $\pi^2 D/L^2$ is the first non-zero eigenvalue of the Laplacian basis. These results demonstrate that DEXSY and related methods such as filter exchange spectroscopy (FEXSY) may not be specific to genuine barrier permeation.