Cavity-QED Transducer of Gravitons

TL;DR

This paper proposes a cavity-QED-based transducer to detect quantum properties of gravitational waves by exploiting photon-graviton interactions within a confined electromagnetic environment.

Contribution

It introduces a novel cavity-QED framework for photon-graviton coupling, enabling the study of quantum effects and transduction of gravitational waves.

Findings

Photon-graviton mode coupling is enabled by cavity confinement.

Spontaneous photon amplification and two-mode squeezing occur semiclassically.

Collective enhancement and superradiance effects increase interaction strength.

Abstract

We develop a quantum description of the resonant interaction between electromagnetic (EM) and gravitational waves (GW). We first show that Lorentz invariance together with polarization selection rules forbids any photon-graviton mixing in free space. We demonstrate that confining the EM field within a cavity quantum electrodynamics (cavity-QED) environment breaks translational symmetry and isotropy, leading to non-vanishing mode coupling between EM and gravitational degrees of freedom. Within this framework, we identify multiple photon-graviton scattering channels, including photon up- and down-conversion and photon creation. In the semiclassical limit of the trilinear interaction where GW acts as a classical pump and the EM field is in a vacuum, spontaneous parametric photon amplification and two-mode squeezing occur. When the gravitational field is quantized, however, the back-action and energy exchange between photons and gravitons result in saturation of amplification, in contrast to exponential growth, and the loss of purity in the photonic subsystem. The characteristic timescale scales as $t_{\text{sp}}\sim (g\sqrt{n_g})^{-1}$, where $g$ and $n_g$ refer to the coupling strength and the mean graviton number, demonstrating collective enhancement of the interaction with the graviton occupation number. In the stimulated regime, where one EM mode is initially populated, the effective coupling is further enhanced, analogous to Dicke-type superradiant emission. This work introduces a cavity-based graviton transducer for probing quantum aspects of GWs.