Model-independent test of the cosmic distance duality relation with recent observational data

TL;DR

This study tests the cosmic distance duality relation using model-independent methods and recent observational data, finding no significant evidence of violation within current uncertainties.

Contribution

It introduces two novel model-independent approaches to test the CDDR with diverse observational data, confirming its validity within 1 sigma.

Findings

Results support the validity of the CDDR within 1 sigma.

Different data combinations yield consistent results.

GRB data have weaker constraining power compared to other probes.

Abstract

We test the cosmic distance duality relation (CDDR) using two model-independent methods. Method I is based on the PAge parametrization, which characterizes the expansion history in terms of the cosmic age. Parametrizations of possible CDDR violations are constrained using observational data from Type Ia supernovae (SN), baryon acoustic oscillations (BAO), cosmic chronometers, and gamma-ray bursts (GRB), including the latest PantheonPlus and DES Dovekie SN samples and DESI DR2 BAO data. The results support the validity of the CDDR within $1\sigma$. Different combinations of data sets are further explored to assess the impact of various probes and calibration choices, demonstrating the robustness of this conclusion. Although GRB data extend to higher redshifts, their constraining power is significantly weaker than that of the other low-redshift probes. The PantheonPlus and DES Dovekie samples yield consistent results. Method II uses a non-parametric Gaussian process reconstruction of the luminosity distance from SN data, combined with BAO measurements to construct the observed CDDR violation and constrain its parametrizations. The results are consistent with those from Method I, and we find no evidence for a violation of the CDDR.