Irregular Repeating Tidal Disruption Events due to Diffusive Tides

TL;DR

The paper proposes a new mechanism called diffusive tides that can cause irregular repeating tidal disruption events in star-black hole systems, explaining observed variability in recurrence times.

Contribution

It introduces the concept of diffusive-tide rpTDEs, a subclass of events with stochastic recurrence times caused by tidal perturbation buildup over multiple orbits.

Findings

Diffusive tidal growth can occur for stars orbiting black holes at certain distances.

This mechanism can produce rpTDEs with large variations in recurrence times.

Diffusive-tide rpTDEs may explain a significant fraction of observed rpTDEs.

Abstract

A repeating partial tidal disruption event (rpTDE) is typically modelled as a star in a bounded orbit getting disrupted by a massive black hole at each pericenter passage. For the disruption to occur, the pericenter distance should be close to or within the characteristic tidal radius, such that the tidal field can overcome the star's binding force to trigger mass loss. However, a binary with a pericenter distance several times the tidal radius can build up its tidal perturbation over multiple orbits via a diffusive process, eventually triggering a nonlinear instability that may also eject mass and power an eruption. This leads to repeated disruptions that recur stochastically. In this letter, we propose that such a mechanism can produce a subclass of rpTDEs with large variations in the recurrence time (e.g., J0456-20), which we dub ``diffusive-tide rpTDEs''. We show that diffusive tidal growth can occur for a white dwarf or main-sequence star orbiting a massive black hole when the pericenter distance is a few times the tidal radius, provided the orbital period is shorter than the tidal energy dissipation timescale. These diffusive-tide rpTDEs may account for a significant fraction of all rpTDEs.