Dust evolution during protoplanetary disk buildup enhances CO ice relative to water

TL;DR

This study models dust and ice evolution in protoplanetary disks, revealing that disk buildup enhances CO ice relative to water and influences the formation of CO-rich planetesimals, with implications for planetary composition.

Contribution

It introduces a comprehensive disk model including buildup, showing how CO ice enrichment occurs and affects planetesimal composition, highlighting the importance of disk formation stages.

Findings

CO-rich pebbles form at the CO snow line due to the cold finger effect.

Models with disk buildup show stronger CO enhancement in the outer disk.

CO-rich planetesimals do not form in smooth disk models without preservation mechanisms.

Abstract

Water ice is expected to be the dominant volatile component of bodies formed in the outer Solar System. However, recent observations of comets and trans-Neptunian objects suggest that the relative abundances of ices can vary substantially, with some bodies exhibiting unusually high CO/H$_2$O ratios. We study the prospects of producing CO-rich pebbles and planetesimals. We use a one-dimensional protoplanetary disk model with dust evolution including coagulation, fragmentation, and radial drift, water and CO ice and vapors evolution, and planetesimal formation via the streaming instability. We compare models with and without the disk formation stage. CO-rich pebbles can be formed at the CO snow line due to the cold finger effect, regardless of whether the disk buildup is included. Models including disk buildup show stronger CO enhancement relative to water in the outer disk. However, CO-rich planetesimals do not form in the smooth disk models. The formation of CO-rich planetesimals likely requires mechanisms that preserve the CO-enriched ice reservoir, such as pressure traps or gas removal processes. Models concerning the chemical evolution of protoplanetary disks and its impact on the atmospheric C/O ratio of forming planets should consider the disk buildup stage.