A Sc2C2@C88 cluster based ultra-compact multi-level probabilistic bit for matrix multiplication

TL;DR

This paper demonstrates a novel ultra-compact probabilistic bit based on Sc2C2@C88 clusters, capable of multistate control and matrix multiplication, advancing the development of dense, probabilistic electronic devices.

Contribution

It introduces a new multi-level probabilistic bit utilizing stochastic conductance states in Sc2C2@C88, enabling matrix operations and high-quality randomness in a compact form.

Findings

Successfully generated high-quality random bits with autocorrelation within .02

Achieved matrix multiplication of two 4x4 matrices with error < 0.05

Controlled conductance state alterations from 0 to 1, enabling matrix operations

Abstract

Information units are progressively approaching the fundamental physical limits of the integration density, including in terms of extremely small sizes, multistates and probabilistic traversal. However, simultaneously encompassing all of these characteristics in a unit remains elusive. Here, via real-time in situ electrical monitoring, we clearly observed stochastic alterations of multiple conductance states in Sc2C2@C88. The true random bit sequence generated exhibited an autocorrelation function whose confidence interval fell within \pm 0.02, demonstrating high-quality randomness. The alterations of multiple conductance states are controllable, that is, whose probability distributions could traverse from 0 to 1, enabling us to factorize 551 into its prime factors. Furthermore, we proposed a matrix-chain multiplication scheme and experimentally verified the multiplication of two 4 \times 4 state-transition matrices with a small maximum error < 0.05. Combined with theoretical calculations, the stochastic but controllable multistates are probably attributed to the rich energy landscape, which could be stepwise changed by the electric field. Our findings reveal extremely small multi-level probabilistic bit for matrix multiplication, which pave the way for ultracompact intelligent electronic devices.