Sign Errors in "The Four Laws of Black Hole Mechanics"

TL;DR

This paper identifies and corrects two sign errors in the original 1973 paper on black hole mechanics, clarifying the mathematical framework of black hole thermodynamics and ensuring the validity of its conclusions.

Contribution

It reveals and corrects sign errors in the foundational equations of black hole thermodynamics, preserving the original paper's validity.

Findings

Sign errors in equations (33) and (34) corrected.

Definitions of particle number and entropy clarified with proper signs.

Original conclusions of the BCH paper remain valid after corrections.

Abstract

In 1973, Bardeen, Cater, and Hawking published "The Four Laws of Black Hole Mechanics", establishing the mathematical framework that would later be understood as the thermodynamics of black holes. Central to the paper is equation (33), which writes the variation of the total energy-momentum integral in terms of physically meaningful quantities: angular momentum, particle number, and entropy. Equation (33) feeds into the differential mass formula, equation (34), which is the first law of black hole mechanics. This note identifies two compensating sign errors in the BCH paper. The first error, demonstrated by a derivation from equation (32), is that equations (33) and (34) should carry minus signs rather than plus signs on the last two integrals, those involving the redshifted chemical potential and the redshifted temperature. he second error is that the definitions of total particle number N and total entropy S given after equation (20) are missing minus signs that are required for these quantities to be positive. These two errors cancel, in that reversing the signs in the definitions of N and S to ensure positive quantities makes equations (33) and (34) correct. All conclusions of the BCH paper remain valid. This note is intended merely as a guide for readers who, in working through the derivation step by step, might otherwise be puzzled by the sign discrepancies. Numbered equations refer to the BCH paper; lettered equations are introduced in this note.