Factorized dispersion relations for two coupled systems

TL;DR

This paper demonstrates that the dispersion relations of coupled physical systems can be factorized into subsystem and coupling functions, providing insights into mode hybridization and the local geometry of dispersion branches.

Contribution

It introduces a universal factorized form of dispersion relations for coupled systems governed by homogeneous Lagrangians, supported by theoretical proof and multiple examples.

Findings

The dispersion relation factorizes as G₁G₂=γG_c for coupled systems.

Mode hybridization is quantitatively characterized by the factorized form.

The local geometry near dispersion branch intersections is generically hyperbolic.

Abstract

We establish that the dispersion relations of any physical system composed of two coupled subsystems, governed by a space-time homogeneous Lagrangian, admit a factorized form G_{1}G_{2}=\gamma G_{\mathrm{c}}, where G_{1} and G_{2} are the subsystem dispersion functions, G_{\mathrm{c}} is the coupling function, and \gamma is the coupling parameter. The result follows from a determinant expansion theorem applied to the block structure of the coupled system matrix, and is illustrated through three examples: the traveling wave tube, vibrations of an airplane wing, and the Mindlin-Reissner plate theory. For the Mindlin-Reissner example we carry out a complete asymptotic analysis of the coupled dispersion branches, establishing that the factorized form provides a precise quantitative measure of mode hybridization: all four branches carry the imprint of both subsystem factors for any nonzero coupling, while asymptotically recovering the identity of pure uncoupled modes at large frequencies and wavenumbers. We further analyze the universal local geometry of the coupled dispersion branches near their intersection - the cross-point model - showing it is generically hyperbolic, and present a mechanical analog in which the wavenumber is replaced by a scalar parameter, exhibiting the same factorized structure and avoided crossin