Open Quantum Cluster Embedding Theory

TL;DR

The paper introduces a quantum cluster embedding theory for simulating strongly correlated electron systems, enabling accurate response function calculations without analytic continuation, and demonstrates its effectiveness on the Hubbard model with experimental comparison.

Contribution

The novel quantum cluster embedding approach combines open quantum systems and Lindblad dynamics to accurately compute dynamical responses in large correlated systems.

Findings

Successfully computes charge-charge correlations in the Hubbard model

Achieves good qualitative agreement with cold atom experiments

Avoids analytic continuation by explicit time evolution

Abstract

The simulation of strongly correlated electron systems remains a formidable challenge. Certain experimentally relevant dynamical response functions are especially difficult to calculate, due to issues of finite-size effects and the ill posed analytic continuation. To address this we propose the quantum cluster embedding theory, an embedded cluster method aimed at computing the response of the system following an external perturbation; the frequency dependent dynamical susceptibility is obtained subsequently by means of inverse linear response theory. The embedded clusters, used within the method as representative of short range correlations, are open quantum systems governed by the Lindblad equation. The short-range correlations extracted from the clusters are used to close the equations of motion for the fermionic bilinear and the local double occupancy on the lattice. In turn, the clusters' Markovian baths are tuned to keep the bilinear and the double occupancy expectation values on the clusters and the lattice identical, throughout the concomitant evolution of the two sets of equations. The theory becomes numerically exact in the non-interacting, atomic and infinite cluster size limits, and it respects the total charge and energy conservation laws. We show that our approach can treat very large lattices while avoiding analytic continuation through the explicit time evolution. Finally we compute the charge-charge correlation function in the square lattice Hubbard model and compare with a recent cold atom experiment, finding good qualitative agreement.