Quantifying Non-linearity in Topology Optimization with similarity based Visualization

TL;DR

This paper introduces a visualization framework and a quantitative index to measure and compare the non-linearity of topology optimization problems, aiding understanding and parameter tuning.

Contribution

It proposes a novel similarity-based visualization method and a non-linearity index for topology optimization, enabling intuitive and quantitative analysis of problem complexity.

Findings

The approach effectively visualizes non-linearity in TO problems.

The non-linearity index correlates with convergence behavior.

Guides parameter selection for stabilization strategies.

Abstract

Topology optimization (TO) can be viewed as seeking an optimal solution in the design space of a given TO problem. For weakly non-linear TO problems, e.g., compliance minimization, sensitivity-based methods typically converge well, whereas for strongly non-linear problems, e.g., maximum stress minimization, stabilization strategies such as stabilization terms and projection functions are often required to enhance convergence. Especially in scenarios with massive design variables, it is difficult to intuitively demonstrate the non-linear complexity of different TO problems and to elucidate the mechanisms by which stabilization strategies affect convergence. To address this challenge, we propose a visualization framework and a quantitative non-linearity index for objectives with varying complexity. We employ a multi-start fixed-gradient sampling tailored to similarity-based dimensionality reduction while keeping the computational cost under control. The samples are then parameterized via cosine similarity to obtain a low-dimensional visualization surface of the objective function. Based on this visualization, we construct a dimensionless complexity index with a clear geometric interpretation by measuring the gap between the visualization surface and the discrete approximation of its convex envelope, which enables quantitative comparisons of non-linearity across TO tasks, parameter choices, and stabilization strategies. Extensive comparative experiments show that the proposed approach is both adaptable and discriminative on a variety of representative TO problems, and it provides intuitive and measurable guidance for parameter selection.