Benchmarking Multi-Agent LLM Architectures for Financial Document Processing: A Comparative Study of Orchestration Patterns, Cost-Accuracy Tradeoffs and Production Scaling Strategies

TL;DR

This study systematically benchmarks four multi-agent LLM architectures for financial document extraction, analyzing their accuracy, cost, and scalability to guide deployment decisions in regulated environments.

Contribution

It introduces a comprehensive empirical comparison of orchestration patterns, evaluates multiple LLMs on real financial data, and offers insights into cost-accuracy tradeoffs and scaling strategies.

Findings

Reflexive architectures achieve highest accuracy (F1 0.943) but at higher cost.

Hierarchical architectures offer the best cost-accuracy balance (F1 0.921 at 1.4x cost).

Hybrid configurations recover 89% of reflexive accuracy at lower costs.

Abstract

The adoption of large language models (LLMs) for structured information extraction from financial documents has accelerated rapidly, yet production deployments face fundamental architectural decisions with limited empirical guidance. We present a systematic benchmark comparing four multi-agent orchestration architectures: sequential pipeline, parallel fan-out with merge, hierarchical supervisor-worker and reflexive self-correcting loop. These are evaluated across five frontier and open-weight LLMs on a corpus of 10,000 SEC filings (10-K, 10-Q and 8-K forms). Our evaluation spans 25 extraction field types covering governance structures, executive compensation and financial metrics, measured along five axes: field-level F1, document-level accuracy, end-to-end latency, cost per document and token efficiency. We find that reflexive architectures achieve the highest field-level F1 (0.943) but at 2.3x the cost of sequential baselines, while hierarchical architectures occupy the most favorable position on the cost-accuracy Pareto frontier (F1 0.921 at 1.4x cost). We further present ablation studies on semantic caching, model routing and adaptive retry strategies, demonstrating that hybrid configurations can recover 89\% of the reflexive architecture's accuracy gains at only 1.15x baseline cost. Our scaling analysis from 1K to 100K documents per day reveals non-obvious throughput-accuracy degradation curves that inform capacity planning. These findings provide actionable guidance for practitioners deploying multi-agent LLM systems in regulated financial environments.